Datasets

The AMECO database is compiled by the DG-ECFIN in the European Commission. It contains annual macro-economic time series submitted by the Member States and “filtered” by the Commission. These data are used in the forecast exercises done two times per year (Spring and Autumn).  It is the official source for some variables, especially those related to public finances.

Since 2018 there is only a limited interim forecast concerning GDP growth and inflation and as coincidence the Winter forecast data will not be introduced in AMECO anymore.

Current vintage: Spring 2022;  more information can be found on DG-ECFIN website:

• European Economic Forecast - Spring 2022
• Economic forecasts
• AMECO database

Banknotes statistics refer to data on outstanding amounts (stocks) and transactions (flows) of euro banknotes and coins

The main objective of the survey is to enhance the Eurosystem"s knowledge of bank lending conditions in the euro area. The BLS provides input for the ECB Governing Council"s assessment of monetary and economic developments, on which it bases its monetary policy decisions.

It provides information on the lending policies of euro area banks and complements existing statistics on loans and bank lending rates with information on loan supply and demand for enterprises and households. The survey addresses issues such as credit standards for approving loans, as well as credit terms and conditions applied to new loans to enterprises and households. It also asks for an assessment of loan demand.

The survey is addressed to senior loan officers of a representative sample of euro area banks and is conducted four times a year. The sample group participating in the survey comprises banks from all euro area countries and takes into account the characteristics of their respective national banking structures.

For more information, please refer to the ECB website.

Statistics on cross-border shipments of euro banknotes are compiled by the European Central Bank (ECB) on a monthly basis as set out in Guideline ECB/2011/23 on the statistical reporting requirements of the European Central Bank in the field of external statistics. These statistics cover shipments of euro banknotes between national central banks (NCBs) and other monetary financial institutions (MFIs) residents in the euro area and any legal person outside the euro area. Such statistics are needed to facilitate decision-making in the area of euro banknote issuance with respect to the planning of banknote production, the management of stocks and the coordination of the issuance and transfers of euro banknotes by national central banks and the ECB. Euro banknote shipment statistics contribute to the assessment of monetary and foreign exchange developments and are needed to assess the role of the euro as an investment currency outside the euro area.

The concepts and definitions used in balance of payments (b.o.p.) and international investment position (i.i.p.) statistics are generally in line with the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (fifth edition, October 1993), the ECB Guideline of 16 July 2004 on the statistical reporting requirements of the ECB (ECB/2004/15), and Eurostat documents. Additional references about the methodologies and sources used in the euro area b.o.p. and i.i.p. statistics can be found in the ECB publication entitled"  European Union balance of payments/international investment position statistical methods

The dataset contains the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) of the euro area compiled by the ECB, as well as European union aggregates compiled by Eurostat and individual EU country data. The b.o.p. is a statistical statement that summarises, for a specific period of time, the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world. The different accounts within the b.o.p. are distinguished according to the nature of the economic resources (e.g. goods, services, income or financial resources) provided and received. The i.i.p. is a statistical statement that shows, at a specific point in time, the value and composition of financial assets of residents of an economy that are claims on non-residents and gold bullion held as reserve assets and liabilities of residents of an economy to non-residents; The current account and capital account main components are broken down by counterpart countries. Financial transactions and positions are presented by type of investment, resident and counterpart sector, type of instrument and country of residency of the counterpart

The dataset contains the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) of the euro area compiled by the ECB, as well as European union aggregates compiled by Eurostat and individual EU country data. The b.o.p. is a statistical statement that summarises, for a specific period of time, the economic transactions of an economy with the rest of the world. The different accounts within the b.o.p. are distinguished according to the nature of the economic resources (e.g. goods, services, income or financial resources) provided and received. The i.i.p. is a statistical statement that shows, at a specific point in time, the value and composition of financial assets of residents of an economy that are claims on non-residents and gold bullion held as reserve assets and liabilities of residents of an economy to non-residents; The current account and capital account main components are broken down by counterpart countries. Financial transactions and positions are presented by type of investment, resident and counterpart sector, type of instrument and country of residency of the counterpart

BSI statistics are based on either the aggregated or the consolidated balance sheet of the monetary financial institutions (MFI) sector. The aggregated balance sheet is the sum of the balance sheets of all MFIs resident in the euro area. The consolidated balance sheet is obtained by netting the aggregated balance sheet positions between MFIs in the euro area. The consolidated balance sheet provides the basis for the regular analysis of euro area monetary aggregates and counterparts.

The data are collected for payments statistics purposes.

Information on settlement media (currency in circulation, overnight deposits) used in the economy.

These data contain information on the aggregate consolidated profitability, balance sheets, asset quality, liquidity, funding, capital adequacy and solvency of EU banks, and refer to all EU Member States.

The banks are divided into three size groups: small, medium-sized and large. Information on foreign-controlled institutions active in EU countries is also provided. 

These data contain information on the aggregate consolidated 

• profitability
• balance sheets
• asset quality
• liquidity
• funding
• capital adequacy
• solvency of EU banks

and refer to all EU Member States.

The banks are divided into three size groups: small, medium-sized and large. Information on foreign-controlled institutions active in EU countries is also provided.  

The Securities clearing statistics cover the activities of centralised clearing counterparties (CCPs). This dataset provides information on clearing members as well as the number and value of different types of contracts cleared.

Number of participants/clearing members refers to the participants in CCP operations. Clearing members are broken down into central banks, CCPs, credit institutions, and other (residual). The number of clearing members refers to the last day of the year.

The CISS is computed for the Euro Area as a whole. It includes 15 raw, mainly market-based financial stress measures that are split equally into five categories, namely the financial intermediaries sector, money markets, equity markets, bond markets and foreign exchange markets. For further details, see Holló, D., Kremer, M. and Lo Duca, M., "CISS - A Composite Indicator of Systemic Stress in the Financial System" , Working Paper Series , No 1426, ECB, March 2012.

The CISS is also available for the United States of America, following a computation analogous to the Euro Area definition described above. The US CISS is comprised of the appropriate sub-indices for the United States financial system.

The SovCISS measures stress in sovereign debt markets in the Euro Area as a whole and in several Euro Area and non-Euro Area EU countries. The methodology is described in Garcia-de-Andoain, C. and Kremer, M., "Beyond Spreads: Measuring Sovereign Market Stress in the Euro Area" ,  Working Paper Series , No 2185, ECB, October 2018.

The New CISS is computed for four countries for which the Euro Area, the US and the UK use 15 raw indicators and China 16. It maintains the CISS"es scheme of using inputs from different market segments but employs a revised and equal weighting scheme of the raw indicators. It is calculated on a daily basis.

The CLIFS includes six, mainly market-based, financial stress measures that capture three financial market segments: equity markets, bond markets and foreign exchange markets. In addition, when aggregating the sub-indices, the CLIFS takes the co-movement across market segments into account. For further details, see Duprey, T. and Klaus, B., " Dating systemic financial stress episodes in the EU countries ", Working Paper Series, No 1873, ECB, December 2015.

The CPP dataset currently contains national quarterly frequency price series for Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and UK received from MSCI, national quarterly frequency price series for Italy and Denmark as well as national annual frequency price series for Germany provided by the respective NCBs.

CSDB-Derived Securities Issues Statistics (CSEC) provide data on outstanding stocks, gross issues, redemptions, net issues, revaluations and other changes in volume of debt securities and listed shares in the euro area and non-euro area EU Member States. CSEC data are broken down by sector of issuer, maturity of issuance, coupon type and currency of issuance.

Indicators on issuances of sustainable debt securities (stocks and flows) comprise a breakdown by sustainability classification (green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked) for the euro area and EU aggregates, including breakdown by issuer country and sector. Data on sustainable debt securities are published for two levels of assurance: i) all sustainable debt securities, i.e. with all degrees of assurance including only self-labelled instruments, and ii) securities with a second party opinion validating the sustainability claims of the issuer.

Maturity profile of outstanding debt securities and long-term debt securities issuance by EU banks (all currencies combined)

Distributional Wealth Accounts (DWA) are experimental statistics produced by the European System of Central Banks (ESCB). They complement macroeconomic sector accounts with distributional information for the household sector.

Data on taxes and social contributions are collected by Eurostat on the basis of the European system of national accounts transmission programme (ESA 2010), table 9 “Detailed tax and social contribution receipts by receiving subsector”. The data relate to the general government sector, including subsectors for central government, state government (where applicable), local government, social security funds (where applicable) and taxes collected on behalf of the EU institutions.

The data are consistent in terms of methodology with the annual GFS data on government revenue (dataset: GFS). However, differences between the two datasets may arise owing to data vintages. Further information is available on the Eurostat website (link) and the "Economic analysis of taxation" page of the European Commission website managed by the DG for Taxation and Customs Union (link).

In national accounts, general government expenditure is also classified by function according to the international Classification of the Functions of Government (COFOG). The COFOG classification describes government expenditure according to the following ten major functions or purposes:

1. General public services
2. Defence
3. Public order and safety
4. Economic affairs
5. Environmental protection
6. Housing and community amenities
7. Health
8. Recreation, culture and religion
9. Education
10. Social protection

The expenditure according to these ten major functions is presented in an interactive table with charts. More detailed information on the type of expenditure is available for each function, i.e. compensation of employees (labour costs), intermediate consumption (expenses on goods and services) and gross fixed capital formation (investments). The data are transmitted to the ECB by Eurostat and are defined with reference to the European System of Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010).

Eurostat's Manual on sources and methods for the compilation of COFOG Statistics (link) provides detailed information on the methodological background for the compilation of COFOG data. The data are consistent in terms of methodology with the annual GFS data on government expenditure (dataset: GFS). However, differences between the two datasets may arise owing to data vintages.

The EDP dataset includes data on government debt and deficit reported under the Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), which is a part of the corrective arm of the European Union's Stability and Growth Pact (link). Three series are available for EU Member States, the euro area and the European Union: deficit/surplus, consolidated general government debt, and interest expenditure. The data are available in euro or national currency, and as a percentage of GDP.

The reference values for government deficit and debt are based on concepts defined in the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). The surplus (+)/deficit (-) of the general government sector is referred to in the national accounts as net lending (+)/borrowing (-) (B.9). The government debt is defined as the total consolidated gross debt at face value in the following categories of government liabilities (defined in ESA 2010): currency and deposits, debt securities and loans. EU aggregates do not cover EU institutions debt and euro area aggregates do not cover euro area government institutions debt.

Employment and population have traditionally been considered auxiliary variables in national accounts, aimed to calculate ratios like value added, output, or labour costs per inhabitant or per employed person. Employment however has gained importance and nowadays it is an endogenous variable in the national accounts framework. Quarterly employment also stands now as a key short term economic indicator. National accounts, however, do not provide information on social or gender aspects of employment. The classical and most reliable source for this information is the Labour Force Survey .

The ESA 2010 distinguishes two employment concepts depending on the geographical coverage: resident persons in employment (i.e. the national scope of employment) and employment in resident production units irrespective of the place of residence of the employed person (i.e. domestic scope).

The ESA 2010 recognises several employment measures: persons, hours worked and jobs. Presented here are mainly employment data measured in persons and in hours worked.

These data were formerly available as part of the MNA (National Accounts Main Aggregates) data set but then they were moved to a new data set – ENA. While the first dimension of the series keys change to ENA, the remainder of the series keys remain unchanged.

The EONIA rate was the closing rate for the overnight maturity calculated by collecting data on unsecured overnight lending in the euro area provided by banks belonging to the EONIA panel.

Following a recommendation made by the working group on euro risk-free rates on 14 March 2019, as of 2 October for the trade date 1 October 2019 the European Money Market Institute (EMMI) changed the way it calculates the EONIA . The EONIA methodology has been redefined as the euro short-term rate (€STR) plus a fixed spread, calculated using the methodology adopted by the EMMI as the difference between the underlying interest rate of the EONIA and the pre-€STR using daily data from 17 April 2018 to 16 April 2019. The ECB calculated this spread as 0.085% (8.5 basis points). For this reason the volume information is not available anymore. EMMI publishes EONIA for day T on T+1 at or shortly after 09.15 each TARGET2 business day.

The information is published in the ECB Statistical Data Warehouse on T+2 at, or shortly after, 09.15 each TARGET2 business day.

The balance of payments (b.o.p.) provides harmonised information on international transactions which are part of the current account (goods, services, income and current transfers), but also on transactions which fall in the capital and financial account. The dataset contains the quarterly b.o.p. for the European Union as a whole vis-à-vis its main trading partners.

The euro short-term rate (€STR) reflects the wholesale euro unsecured overnight borrowing costs of banks located in the euro area. The ECB publishes on its website the €STR at 08:00 CET on each TARGET2 business date. The €STR time series is updated on the ECB Data Portal (EDP) shortly after the €STR publication.

The daily €STR is based on the transactions with overnight maturity that were traded and settled on the previous TARGET2 date. In EDP, the €STR series are indexed by time, where the time index reflects the trade date of the underlying transactions. For example, the observations on the rate, volume traded, etc. with time index 1 October 2019 reflect trading activity on that day, and correspond to the €STR published on 2 October 2019. 

For further information refer to the Overview of €STR.

The ECB identified a need for preliminary figures, called pre-€STR, to be published prior to the full release of the €STR in October 2019. The pre-€STR was for information purposes only and not intended as a benchmark or reference rate.

Pre-€STR series in the EDP

The compounded €STR average rates and the compounded €STR index are updated in EDP shortly after their publication at 09:15 a.m. every TARGET2 business date. In EDP, all compounded €STR series are presented with a time index that reflects their reference date, which by convention coincides with end date of the related interest rate period underlying their calculation.  

For further information please refer to the Compounded €STR section of the overview of €STR webpage. 

The methodology used to compute the trade weights on which the ECB nominal and real effective exchange rates (EERs) are based is similar to that underlying the EERs published by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).  http://www.ecb.int/pub/pdf/scpops/ecbocp134.pdf

For further information, refer to the methodological details available on the ECB website:

Euro foreign exchange reference rates

Nominal effective exchange rate

Harmonised competitiveness indicators

Financial market statistics currently contain data on:

• Money market interest rates
• Government bond yields
• Stock market indices
• Key ECB interest rates

FVC statistics refer to the aggregated balance sheet of the financial vehicle corporation (FVC) sector resident in the euro area.

The dataset contains information on foreign exchange interventions. It includes daily details of the ECB’s historical interventions in the foreign exchange markets. The data are updated once a quarter.

Government finance statistics (GFS) provide a comprehensive overview of fiscal developments in the euro area, the European Union, and individual EU Member States. Data for Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States are also available, although with less detail.

ICB statistics refer to the assets and liabilities insurance corporations resident in the euro area, covering both outstanding amounts and transactions.

ICO statistics refer to premiums written, claims incurred and acquisition expenses of insurance corporations resident in the euro area.

The Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices (HICP) for the euro area is published by the European Commission (Eurostat) and generally available from 1996 onwards. Euro area results are obtained by aggregating indices for individual countries.

The HICP is broken down following the European classification of individual consumption according to purpose (ECOICOP) and by goods and services special aggregates derived from it. The HICP covers monetary expenditure on final consumption by resident and non-resident households on the economic territory of the euro area. The seasonally adjusted HICP data are compiled by the ECB.

These statistics refer to the assets and liabilities of euro area insurance corporations and pension funds (ICPFs), covering both outstanding amounts and transactions for selected key series on insurance technical reserves. In general, the statistics refer to non-consolidated data, based on the host-approach and at market value (with the exception of deposits and loans, which are at nominal value).

The IDCM dataset covers publicly available selected national accounts data (gross domestic product and main aggregates, population and employment) as published by Eurostat, the IMF, the OECD and the UN. 

It is the result of a regular data exchange set up by the International Data Cooperation (IDC) initiative under the Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG), which is chaired by the IMF. The aim is to develop a set of commonly shared principles and working arrangements for data cooperation that could be implemented by the participating international organisations, leading to the improved timeliness and accuracy of published data (link).

The IDCS dataset covers publicly available selected sector accounts data as published by Eurostat, OECD and the UN. 

It is a result of a regular data exchange set up by the International Data Cooperation (IDC) initiative under the Inter-Agency Group on Economic and Financial Statistics (IAG) chaired by the IMF. The aim is to develop a set of commonly shared principles and working arrangements for data cooperation that could be implemented by the participating International Organisations, leading to improved timeliness and accuracy of published data ( link )

IFI statistics comprise a set of indicators assessing the degree of integration in the main financial segments of the euro area.

ILM statistics refer to the statistics on the consolidated financial statement of the Eurosystem and on the banking system’s liquidity position.

The LTIR database contains statistics on interest rates for Member States that joined the EU, and a limited set of capital and money market interest rate statistics for EU candidate and Potential Candidate Countries. 

The data on Long-term Interest Rates for member-states that joined the EU prior 2001 are provided by the Bank for International Settlements (BIS).

The domain of Interest Rate Statistics contains

• the national central bank’s official rates, 
• money market interest rates, 
• capital market interest rates.

The database includes country level time series denominated in national currency and expressed in percentage per annum. 

These statistics refer to the assets and liabilities of euro area investment funds, covering both outstanding amounts and transactions.

Eurostat started to collect quarterly frequency job vacancy data in 2003. The data are also included as part of the Principle European Economic Indicator (PEEI) data set. The series were, until 2009, collected on the basis of a “gentlemen"s agreement” basis and, as such, were not fully harmonised or complete. From 2010 the reporting of quarterly data is under Regulation (EC) No 453/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on quarterly statistics on Community job vacancies. Job vacancy statistics are compiled on the basis of data provided by the Member States. At the request of some countries, some national data are received but not published by Eurostat. These data are used only for the calculation of European aggregates but are available to the ESCB for strictly internal use only. A quarterly press release containing the data was first released with the publication of Q1 2014 results.

The Risk Indicators (RIs) data are collected and compiled by the European Banking Authority and relate to supervisory data on liquidity, funding, asset quality, profitability, concentration, solvency, operational and market risk, and SME risks.

Data are fully based on the EBA’s implementing technical standards (ITS) on supervisory reporting (EU Regulation No 680/2014 and it subsequent amendments). For further details on the main methodological aspects of the EBA’s ITS, please refer to the ITS’s webpage .

The information is transmitted according to the rules defined in the Decision ESRB/2015/2 .

In comparison to the EBA key risk indicators (transmitted to the ECB according to the Decision ESRB/2011/6 , until Q2 2015 and since then discontinued), the EBA RIs are significantly enhanced, drawing on the substantial increase in the availability and extent of harmonised supervisory data from across the EU following the implementation of the ITS.

The labour cost indices are published by the European Commission (Eurostat) and national statistical authorities and measure the changes in labour costs per hour worked in industry (including construction) and market services. A breakdown of hourly labour costs for the euro area is available by labour cost component (wages and salaries, other labour costs) and by economic activity (NACE sections).

Unemployment rates published by the European Commission (Eurostat) and conform to International Labour Organisation (ILO) guidelines. They refer to persons actively seeking work as a share of the labour force, using harmonised criteria and definitions.

Financial stability reporting data collected from 93 EEA insurance groups reporting under

the Solvency II regime. For more information please see EIOPA’s website

EU MFI population statistics (based on List of MFIs)

Statistics on interest rates applied by monetary financial institutions (except central banks and money market funds) to deposits and loans vis-á-vis households and non-financial corporations, both for New Business and Outstanding Amounts .

A voluntary survey conducted among European banks, including the major players on the money market. The survey was conducted from 2001 until 2015.

The current publication of money market statistics covers the transactions reported in the unsecured, secured and OIS segments. For the unsecured and secured segments all statistics are calculated in reference to each reserve maintenance period (MP), i.e. reflecting transactions with a trade date within the relevant MP. 

For the OIS segment the series on spot transactions are calculated with reference to each MP, while the statistics on forward-dated transactions are calculated with reference to each quarter. All MP aggregates are published 15 TARGET business days after the end of each MP. Quarterly statistics are published together with the next publication at MP frequency. The time series start in 2017 for the unsecured and OIS segments and in 2018 for the secured segment, with the first reference period being the first MP or quarter of the year.

Methodological notes are available in the MMSR webpage

The Main aggregates in the national accounts (MNA dataset) include gross domestic product (GDP), value added by main economic activity, main expenditure components and aggregated income statistics. These data are collected and disseminated by the European Commission (Eurostat) and the national statistical authorities.

The MNA dataset also includes additional indicators calculated by the ECB, such as implicit GDP deflators, contributions to growth, unit labour costs and its components (compensation per employee and labour productivity), as well as business investment. Data for the euro area, EU and the EU Member States are available.

Macroeconomic projections aim to predict and understand the future state of the economy on a broad scale. They include information related to economic growth, inflation, wages, unemployment, trade and a number of other macroeconomic variables.

Eurosystem and ECB staff produce macroeconomic projections that cover the outlook for the euro area and the wider global economy. These contribute to the ECB Governing Council’s assessment of economic developments and risks to price stability.

They are published four times a year (in March, June, September and December). The June and December projections are conducted by Eurosystem staff and include (with a two-week delay) a national breakdown for real GDP, inflation and unemployment. The March and September projections are conducted by ECB staff and are published only for the euro area. For more information, please refer to the projections article published on the ECB website.

OFI statistics currently contain selected balance sheet items for financial corporations engaged in lending to households and non-financial corporations (FCLs).

The PAY dataset currently contains information on: 

• Statistics on high level total payment transactions sent and received (e.g. total credit transfers, total direct debits, or total cheques)
• Euro area aggregates

The PCN dataset currently contains information on card functions.

The PCP dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on card-based payment transactions with card-based payment instruments issued by resident PSPs
• Statistics on card-based payment transactions acquired by resident PSPs
• Statistics on cash withdrawals using card-based payment instruments

The PCT dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on credit transfers sent
• Statistics on credit transfers received

The PCT dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on credit transfers sent
• Statistics on credit transfers received

The PEM dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on e-money payment transactions sent
• Statistics on e-money payment transactions received

These statistics refer to the assets and liabilities of euro area pension funds (PFs) and the data currently cover end-of-quarter outstanding amounts and selected financial transactions.

These statistics refer to the number of members in pension funds (PFs). The data are reported annually.

These statistics refer to the assets and liabilities of euro area pension funds (PFs) and the data currently cover end-of-quarter outstanding amounts, financial transactions and adjustments.

The PIS dataset currently contains statistics on payment transactions initiated by payment initiation services. 

The PMC dataset currently contains information on electronic card-based payment transactions with card-based payment instruments issued by resident PSP by merchant category.

The PPC dataset currently contains information on payment transactions by PSPs.

The PSN dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on the number of participants in TARGET2
• Statistics on the number of participants in payment systems (other than TARGET2)

The PSS dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on access and usage of payment services
• Statistics on access and usage of payment terminals
• Statistics on TARGET2 per country
• Statistics on national retail and large-value payment systems
• Statistics on pan-european systems
• Euro area aggregates and comparative indicators

The PST dataset contains information on payment transactions in payment systems (e.g. credit transfers)

PTN dataset includes information on the number of ATMs, POS or e-money terminals

The PTT dataset currently contains information on:

• Statistics on transactions at terminals at which transactions are acquired by resident PSPs
• Statistics on transactions at terminals at which transactions are acquired by non-resident PSPs 

Quarterly financial and non-financial sector accounts

The dataset contains the official reserve assets for the euro area as a whole and at national level for the Monetary Union"s participant countries. The statistics generally follow the breakdown of the 5th edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5). Methodological notes on the reserve assets of the euro area and of the ECB are available on the ECB website.

The dataset contains the official reserve assets of the euro area, as well as individual EU country data. National reserve assets statistics are collected in the context of Guideline ECB/2011/23 of 9 December 2011 (as amended) and both, national data and euro area aggregates, follow the principles and classifications of the 6th edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).

The Risk Assessment Indicators (RAI) is a combined dataset from different data sources of the ECB. These indicators are used for the purposes of financial stability and are mostly part of the ESRB risk dashboard.

The dataset contains the official reserve assets of the euro area, as well as individual EU country data. National reserve assets statistics are collected in the context of Guideline ECB/2011/23 of 9 December 2011 (as amended) and both, national data and euro area aggregates, follow the principles and classifications of the 6th edition of the IMF Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6).

Different data items used for production of the ESRB Risk Dashboard

Available headline data are generally compiled from commercial data supplied by MSCI (www.msci.com). For the experimental European aggregates, when a country prefers a different source these data are included replacing that reported by MSCI and using the appropriate code. The data are heterogeneous in terms of the transaction or valuation based methodologies used. Therefore, comparisons between countries or of different sources within individual countries should be made with caution. The indicators are generally available at quarterly frequency. Breakdowns of the data are also available but these are strictly shown by the type of data collection i.e. transaction based or valuation based. 

Structural housing indicators provide (annual) information on underlying structural aspects of the housing markets, for example on the Number of properties, Vacancy/occupancy rates, Housing starts and completions, Housing transactions and the Type of tenure (owner-occupied and rented). National data are provided by National Central Banks, compliant with agreed target definitions but are not always fully comparable across countries. European aggregates are compiled by the ECB if the country coverage rate is 60% or higher.

The residential property price indicator for the euro area is an average of non-harmonised country indicators based on data from national sources. It generally includes new and existing dwellings as well as houses and apartments; however, the coverage varies to some extent across countries. It gives an indication of the broad trend-development of residential property prices in the euro area, but does not have the same accuracy as other euro area statistics.

Estimates of the over/undervaluation of residential property prices in selected EU countries are based on four different valuation methods: price-to-rent ratio, price-to-income ratio and two model-based methods (for details, see Box 3 in Financial Stability Review , ECB, June 2011 and/or Box 3 in Financial Stability Review, ECB, November 2015).

 Non-harmonised national retail interest rate statistics, which were based on already existing statistics within each National Central Bank. These statistics were discontinued with the go-live of MIR statistics based on the Regulation ECB/2001/18.    

The residential property price indicator for the euro area is an average of non-harmonised country indicators based on data from national sources. It generally includes new and existing dwellings as well as houses and apartments; however, the coverage varies to some extent across countries. It gives an indication of the broad trend-development of residential property prices in the euro area, but does not have the same accuracy as other euro area statistics.

Estimates of the over/undervaluation of residential property prices in selected EU countries are based on four different valuation methods: price-to-rent ratio, price-to-income ratio and two model-based methods (for details, see Box 3 in Financial Stability Review , ECB, June 2011 and/or Box 3 in Financial Stability Review, ECB, November 2015).

The Euro Area Real-Time Database (RTDB) is an  experimental dataset  that consists of vintages, or snapshots, of time series of several variables, based on series reported in the ECB’s Economic Bulletin (EBu), and previously in the ECB's Monthly Bulletin (MoBu). It is updated semi-annually,  at the beginning of January and July.

The database has been constructed in the context of the Real-Time DataBase (RTDB) project that is being coordinated by the   Euro Area Business Cycle Network (EABCN . An in-depth presentation of this euro area RTDB can be found in ECB Working Paper No 1145, entitled  “An area-wide real-time database for the euro area”  by D. Giannone, J. Henry, M. Lalik and M. Modugno (January 2010).

The survey covers micro (1 to 9 employees), small (10 to 49 employees), medium-sized (50 to 249 employees) and large firms (250 or more employees) and it provides evidence on the financing conditions faced by SMEs compared with those of large firms during the past six months. In addition to a breakdown into firm size classes, it provides evidence across branches of economic activity, euro area countries, firm age, financial autonomy of the firms, and ownership of the firms.

Part of the survey is run by the ECB every six months to assess the latest developments of the financing conditions of firms in the euro area. The more comprehensive survey, run together with the European Commission, was initially conducted every two years, i.e. in 2009H1, 2011H1 and 2013H1. As from the wave 2014H1, the extended survey is run on the annual basis.

Securities issues statistics (SEC) are produced by the ECB based on monthly data reported by the national central banks of the euro area. They cover data on outstanding amounts, issuances, redemptions and growth rates of debt securities and listed shares. All these data are broken down by issuer country and sector, instrument type, original maturity, coupon type and currency of denomination. The SEC data are published in a monthly statistical release six weeks after the end of the reference month.

The annual Financial Markets Survey (FMS) collects basic data on outstanding amounts and issuances of debt securities and market capitalisation of listed shares for non-euro area EU countries.

The SEC data set has been replaced by the CSEC data set as of June 2022.

The Securities trading statistics cover the trading of debt, equity and other tradable securities on stock exchanges.

This dataset contains information on the number of participants, listed securities and executed trades. In addition, the market capitalisation and value of executed trades are available.

A participant in a securities exchange is a legal entity that can submit (buy and sell) orders to the exchange on its own behalf or on behalf of its customers. Domestic participants are those located in the same country as the securities exchange.

Market capitalisation of listed companies is the total market value of a company, i.e. the total number of a company’s shares outstanding multiplied by the current market price per share.

In securities trading statistics each executed trade is counted once, regardless of whether the transaction has been executed on an order-driven or quote-driven system. Unsecured derivatives transactions and repo transactions are not included.

Structural housing indicators provide (annual) information on underlying structural aspects of the housing markets, for example on the Number of dwellings, Vacancy/occupancy rates, Housing starts and completions, Housing transactions and the Type of tenure (owner-occupied and rented). National data are provided by National Central Banks, compliant with agreed target definitions but are not always fully comparable across countries. European aggregates are compiled by the ECB if the country coverage rate is 60% or higher.

he Securities Holdings Statistics (SHS), collected on a security-by-security basis, provide information on securities held by selected categories of euro area investors, broken down by instrument type, issuer country and further classifications.

The SHS data set has been replaced by the SHSS data set as of June 2022.

The Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector (SHSS), collected on a security-by-security basis, provide information on securities held by selected categories of euro area investors, broken down by instrument type, holder country and further classifications.

Indicators on holdings of sustainable debt securities (stocks and financial transactions) comprise a breakdown by sustainability classification (green, social, sustainability and sustainability-linked), including a breakdown by issuer area. A breakdown by individual holder country is available for all sustainable classifications. Additionally, a breakdown by holder sector is available for euro area aggregates for all sustainable classifications, and for individual country aggregates for green bonds only. Data on sustainable debt securities are published for two levels of assurance: i) all sustainable debt securities, i.e. with all degrees of assurance including only self-labelled instruments, and ii) securities with a second party opinion validating the sustainability claims of the issuer.

The ECB Survey of Professional Forecasters (SPF) is a quarterly survey of expectations for the rates of inflation, real GDP growth and unemployment in the euro area for several horizons, together with a quantitative assessment of the uncertainty surrounding them. The participants are experts affiliated with financial or non-financial institutions based within the European Union. As of 2015 the results are reported in a standalone web publication on a quarterly basis (i.e. in February, May, August and November) on the dedicated  SPF webpage .

The SSI statistics currently contain balance sheet items (reported in EUR or national currencies) as well as indicators of industrial configuration.

Detailed breakdowns related to institutions offering payment services. The data comprise the number of institutions and offices as well as the number of different types of accounts held by payment service users.

The Securities settlement statistics cover the activity of central securities depositories (CSDs). This dataset provides information on direct participants in CSDs and also on the number and value of securities held on accounts as well as on delivery instructions.

The dataset contains the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) for European Union countries.

The b.o.p. and the i.i.p statistics generally follow the IMF Balance of Payments Manual(BPM5). The ECB publication European Union balance of Payments/International Investment Position Statistical Methods ("B.o.p. book"), available on the ECB Website, contains details on the compilation of the national b.o.p/i.i.p. collection systems.

National Currency: EUR

The dataset contains the balance of payments (b.o.p.) and the international investment position (i.i.p.) for the euro area as a whole vis-à-vis its main trading partners. The b.o.p. and i.i.p. statistics generally follow the breakdown of the 5th edition of the IMF Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5). Methodological notes on the b.o.p./i.i.p. of the euro area and its monetary presentation are available on the ECB website.

The STEP statistics concern short-term debt securities issued in the context of programmes that have received the STEP label from the STEP Market Committee ( http://www.stepmarket.org ). The STEP dataset comprises daily statistics on aggregated outstanding amounts and new issues and on yields and spreads for securities issued in euro under STEP programmes. The daily yield statistics encompass annualised yields for STEP-labelled zero coupon issues, referring to the primary market interest rates originally agreed between an issuer and an investor. Yield statistics are also available for STEP issues priced with a spread against reference interest rates. The underlying security by security data are collected with daily frequency at ISIN and settlement level from the eligible data providers.

Industrial and service producer price indices, industrial production, industrial new orders, industrial turnover, service turnover and retail sales  data are published by the European Commission (Eurostat). Euro area results are obtained by aggregating data for individual countries compiled by national statistical authorities. They are broken down following the classification of economic activities in the EU (NACE) and by the Main Industrial Groupings (MIGS) derived from it.

Industrial producer prices  reflect the ex-factory-gate prices (transportation costs are not included) of all products sold by industry excluding construction on the domestic markets of the euro area countries, excluding imports. They include indirect taxes except VAT and other deductible taxes.  Service producer price indices  and c onstruction output price indices  follow the same concept, reflecting the development of the prices finally received by the service providers and construction companies.

Industrial production  reflects the volume growth of value added of the industries concerned.

Industrial new orders  measure the orders received during the reference period and cover industries working mainly on the basis of orders – in particular textile, pulp and paper, chemical, metal, capital goods and durable consumer goods industries. The data are calculated on the basis of current prices. The legal obligation for the EU members to compile such indices ceased in 2012. Since then, the ECB had published an estimate for euro area new orders, based on actual data for new orders for a limited set of countries still producing these indicators, survey data and turnover data. With an ever declining number of countries providing new orders data, leaving only three of them in mid-2021, the ECB stopped producing the estimate with publication of September 2021 data.

Indices for turnover in industry, services and for the retail trade  measure the turnover, including all duties and taxes with the exception of VAT, invoiced during the reference period. Retail trade turnover covers all retail trade excluding sales of motor vehicles and motorcycles, and except repairs.

Unemployment rates  published by the European Commission (Eurostat) and conform to International Labour Organisation (ILO) guidelines. They refer to persons actively seeking work as a share of the labour force, using harmonised criteria and definitions.  Please note that since December 2020 the dataset is published under the Labour Force Survey Indicators (LFSI) naming convention. Please refer to the mapping between discontinued STS series and the LFSI codes for more information.

The  labour cost indices  are published by the European Commission (Eurostat) and national statistical authorities and measure the changes in labour costs per hour worked in industry (including construction) and market services. A breakdown of hourly labour costs for the euro area is available by labour cost component (wages and salaries, other labour costs) and by economic activity (NACE sections).

The  new passenger cars data  for euro area are seasonally and working day adjusted by the ECB based on data compiled by ACEA (the European Automobile Manufacturers Association). New passenger car registrations cover registrations of both private and commercial passenger cars.

Aggregated supervisory banking statistics contain information on the following aspects of banks designated as significant institutions (SI) as well as less significant institutions (LSI):

• balance sheet composition and profitability
• capital adequacy
• leverage
• asset quality
• funding
• liquidity

Opinion survey data provide timely evidence of perceptions and expectations to economic conditions. Questionnaires from qualitative opinion surveys consist of a small set of questions, asking the respondent to indicate whether an economic condition (e.g. assessment of the current business situation) has improved, has remained unchanged or has deteriorated when compared with the previous situation. Business opinion surveys are conducted in different areas of economic activity (manufacturing, construction, services, retail trade) and are addressed to senior executives whereas consumer opinion surveys are based on a sample of private households. Besides qualitative questions on assessments, some opinion surveys include quantitative questions as well.

TARGET balances are positions on the balance sheets of all euro area countries’ NCBs and the NCBs of non-euro area EU countries that have joined TARGET on a voluntary basis.

External trade in goods statistics is compiled by Eurostat on a monthly basis following a harmonised methodology set out in European regulations (known as the Community concept; and using data collection systems based on both extra-EU and intra-EU (Intrastat) data. According to these regulations, Member States should supply detailed extra-EU trade data to Eurostat six weeks after, aggregated intra-EU data eight weeks after and detailed intra-EU data ten weeks after the end of the reporting month. Eurostat publishes total extra-euro area trade results 50-55 days after the end of the reporting month, while detailed results, broken down by partner and product, become available one month later. It should be noted that extra-euro area results are not as timely as extra-EU data, because the data for the three (four before 2001) EU Member States not participating in the Economic and Monetary Union (namely Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom) become available later. An advanced release calendar for Press releases on External Trade can be found on the Eurostat-website (Euro-indicators). The ECB databank includes series upon agreement with ECB data users. Data required for ad hoc purposes can be downloaded from Comext by the users.

The trade weights are used for the calculation of the effective exchange rates (EERs) of the euro and the harmonised competitiveness indicators (HCIs) of the euro area countries.

A yield curve is a representation of the relationship between market remuneration rates and the remaining time to maturity of debt securities. A yield curve can also be described as the term structure of interest rates.